Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content of Apple Cider
Nilgün Havva Budak1*, Filiz Ozçelik2 , Zeynep Banu Güzel-Seydim3
1 Department of Food Processing, E?irdir Vocational School, Süleyman Demirel University, 32500 E?irdir/Isparta, Turkey
2 Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey 3 Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Süleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey A R T I C L E I N F O
A B S T R A C T
Fruit and vegetables are an important component of a healthy diet and the main antioxidant suppliers in the human diet. Consumption of foods derived from fruits and vegetables is also essential; fruit juices, ciders, wines, and vinegars also contain significant amounts of polyphenolic compounds. The aim of the study was to determine the effect maceration of antioxidant activity and phenolic content of apple cider. Red delicious apples were used to produce natural apple cider with and without inclusion of maceration. Samples were taken from fresh red apple juice, macerated samples and apple cider. Apple cider (maceration was applied) (CAM) had the highest total phenolic content, chlorogenic acid, ORAC and TEAC levels. Chlorogenic acid was the dominant phenolic substance in apple juice and cider samples and chlorogenic acid was increased with maceration process. Keywords: Apple cider Chlorogenic acid Maceration ORAC TEAC Introduction Fruit and vegetables are an important component of a healthy diet and, if consumed daily in sufficient amounts, could help prevent major diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and certain cancers. Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), especially cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer, obesity and diabetes, currently kill more people every year than any other cause of death. The recent Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases, recommended the intake of a minimum of 400g of fruit and vegetables per day (excluding potatoes and other starchy plant) for the prevention of NCDs as well as for the prevention and alleviation of several micronutrient deficiencies, especially in less developed countries (WHO, 2003). Dietary intake of natural antioxidants has recently received increased attention due to the epidemiological evidence that correlates a regular intake of these products with protection against several diseases (Hertog et al., 1995). Fruits and vegetables are the main antioxidant suppliers in the human diet. Among them, apple is important not only for its high antioxidant content, but also for its acceptance among the general consumer population. Vinson et al. (2001) reported that 22% of the fruit phenolics consumed in the United States came from apple. Eberhardt et al. (2000) found that 100 g of fresh apples have an antioxidant activity equivalent to 1500 mg of vitamin C, and more important, that apple phenolic extracts inhibited proliferation of a human cancer cell line. The major antioxidants present in apple are polyphenols, which include phenolic acids (chlorogenic, cinammic, gallic acid, etc.) and flavonoids (catechin, quercetin, quercetin glycosides, etc.). Apple and apple products (juice, cider, vinegar) are commonly consumed worldwide. Apple polyphenols contain mainly polyphenolic acid derivatives and other flavonoids. Generally, these polyphenols are distributed in the whole fruit, with higher concentrations present in the peel rather than in the flesh (Wolfe et al., 2003). The complexation and antioxidant activity of the major apple polyphenols: Chlorogenic Acid (CA), Rutin (Rt) and Quercetin (Qc) with b-cyclodextrin (b-CD) were studied, by fluorescence spectroscopy and Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power Assay (FRAP) techniques (Alvarez-Parrilla et al., 2005). Budak et al. (2011) reported that chlorogenic acid is also commonly in apple cider vinegar. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of maceration on antioxidant activity and phenolic content level of ciders derived from red delicious apples during cider production. Red delicious apples were used to produce natural apple cider with and without inclusion of maceration.
Material and Methods
Material
“Red Delicious” apple was harvested in Gelendost, Isparta, and appropriately transported to Fermentation Laboratory in the Süleyman Demirel University Gelendost Vocational School (Isparta, Turkey).
Apple Cider Production
“Red delicious” apples were used to make natural apple cider to determine the effects of maceration. Flow scheme of apple cider production methods are presented in Figure 1. The samples were named as apple juice (AJ), apple juice sample taken after maceration (ASM), apple juice after fermentation without maceration sample (AS), apple cider (with maceration) (CAM) and apple cider sample (without maceration) (CA). Briefly, after red apples were broken into pieces maceration was carried out during seven days. Addition of 10% pomace was used in the maceration step to increase the polyphenolic contents. Apple cider was obtained after processing apple juice was fermented for two months.
Compositional Analysis
Total titratable acidity, density and total ash of apple juice and apple cider samples were determined according to AOAC methods (1992). Total sugar in apple juice and maceration samples were analyzed according to the Luff Schoorl methods (AOAC 1990). Water soluble solid (Brix) was measured with Abbe refractometer (Bellingham Stanley Limit 60/70 Refractometer, England). Ethanol content was determined with alcoholmeter (Dujardin-Salleron, France).
Total Antioxidant Activity
Total phenolic content: Total phenolic contents of the samples were determined according to Folin-Ciocalteu method using gallic acid as a standard (Singleton and Rossi, 1965; Singleton et al., 1999). After addition of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent to the sample solution it was allowed to react for 6 min. Reaction was stopped with using 1.50 mL of 20% sodium carbonate. The extracts were oxidized with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and the reaction was neutralized with sodium carbonate. The absorbance of the resulting blue colour was developed in 120 min in a dark place, and the absorbance was determined at 760 nm using a spectrophotometer (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Inc., Tokyo, Japan). The measurement was calculated using a standard curve of gallic acid and expressed as milligrams of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) L-1 . 2,2’-azinobis (3-ethlybenzthiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) Assay: 2,2’-azinobis (3-ethlybenzthiazolin-6- sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS+ ) radical cation was prepared by reacting 7 mM ABTS stock solution with 2.45 mM potassium persulfate (Re et al., 1999). ABTS+ inhibition against Trolox (6-hydroxy-2, 5, 7, 8- tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid) was spectrophotometrically measured (Seeram et al., 2005).
Figure 1 Flow chart of apple cider (maceration was applied and was not applied) The concentration of the resulting blue-green ABTS radical solution was adjusted to an absorbance of 0.700 ± 0.020 at 734 nm in a spectrophotometer (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Inc., Tokyo, Japan). TEAC values of samples were calculated from the Trolox standard curve and expressed as Trolox equivalents (in ?mol/ml of sample). Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) Assay: All samples were analysis using the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) (Wu et al., 2008). The samples were appropriately diluted with phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for ORAC analysis. An aliquot (25 ?L) of the diluted sample, blank (phosphate buffer) or Trolox calibration solutions were added to a black, clear-bottom triplicate well in 96 well bottom reading microplate. After the addition of 150 µM flourescein stock solution (0,004 µM) to each well the microplate was incubated at 37 °C for 30 min. Then, 25 µL 2, 2’-Azobis (2-amidinopropane) Harvesting “Red Delicious” apples Appropriate transportation of the apples to the Fermentation Laboratory Breaking into pieces of apples Pressing Obtained Apple Juice (AJ) Resettle and Racked of apple wine Resettle and Racked of apple wine Maturation 2 months at 25°C Maturation 2 months at 25°C Packaging (CA) Packaging (CA) Ethanol Fermentation:Saccharomyc es cerevisiae (3 %) inoculation 7 days at 25 °C (AS) Maceration with pulp and Ethanol Fermentation: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (3 %) inoculation 7 days at 25 °C (ASM) Budak et al./ Turkish Journal of Agriculture – Food Science and Technology, 3(6): 356-360, 2015 358 dihydrochloride (AAPH) solution (153 mM) was added to start the reaction. The microplate reader was programmed to record the fluorescence reading with an excitationemission wavelength of 485 – 520 nm using software Gen 5 TM. Antioxidant activity was kinetically measured with Biotek Synergy™ HT Multi-Detection Microplate Reader (Winooski, Vermont, USA). Quantification of Phenolics by High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Phenolic compounds were evaluated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC, Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Kyoto, Japan). Phenolic compositions of the extracts were determined by a modified method of Schulz et al. (2001). Detection and quantification were carried out with a LC-10ADvp pump, SIL-10ADvp auto sampler, a Diode Array Detector, a CTO-10Avp column heater, SCL-10Avp system controller and DGU-14A degasser (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Kyoto, Japan). Separations were conducted at 30 ºC on Agilent® Eclipse XDB C-18 reversed-phase column (250 mm x 4.6 mm length, 5 µm particle size). The mobile phases were A:3.0% acetic acid in distilled water and B: methanol. Flow rate was 0.8 mL/min. Gallic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, rutin, resveratrol and syringic acid were used as standard. Identification and quantitative analysis were done by comparison with standards. Statistics All data were reported as the mean and standard error. Results analyzed by using SPSS for Windows (version 17.0, SPSS Inc.). Apple cider production was repeated three times. Values represent means of triplicate repetition with parallels. The significance was established at P<0.05. Results and Discussion Composition analysis Total titratable acidity, density, Brix, total ash total sugar and alcohol in apple juices and apple cider samples are reported in Table 1. Total titratable acidity was increased during ethanol fermentation. Especially, total titratable acidity in the sample taken from maceration was significantly higher than the sample that maceration was not applied (P<0.05). Total titratable acidity values in Cashew juice and Golden Delicious fresh apple juice samples were 2.4 g/L and 2.88 g MA/L, respectively (Mohanty et al., 2006; Suárez-Jacobo et al., 2011). Density of the samples varied between 0.9987 -1.0517 g/cm3 . Density and Brix values were significantly decreased during alcohol fermentation due to the conversion of sugar to ethanol (P<0.05). Budak and Güzel-Seydim (2010) explained that total solids and Brix of samples significantly decreased after maceration due to pressing, resettling and racking during grape wine production. Brix of Cashew apple wine was found to be 2.0% (Mohanty et al., 2006). In our study, brix of the apple cider sample was 3.83%. Alcohol contents of apple cider samples were between 5.40-6.10 %. The total sugar contents were 144.24, 85.77, 95.56 g/L in AS, ASM and AS, respectively. Total sugar content also decreased due to the ethanol fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisae (Budak and Güzel-Seydim, 2010). Total Antioxidant Activity Total phenolic content, TEAC and ORAC results express the total antioxidant activity in the samples. Total phenolic content (mg/L), TEAC (mmol/L) and ORAC(?mol/mL) values of samples are presented in Figures 2 and 3, respectively. AJ sample had the lowest total phenolic content whereas CAM sample had the highest total phenolic content among the samples (P<0.05). Seeram et al. (2008) reported that TEAC and ORAC value of apple juice samples ranged between 2.5- 6.2 ?mol of TE/mL and 2.7-4.3 ?mol/mL, respectively. Total phenolic contents of AS and CAM samples were 459.31 mg/L and 1026.74 mg/L, respectively (Figure 3). Lachman et al. (2006) determined that total phenolic content of apple juice samples obtained from different varieties were between 760.03- 1343 mg/L. In our study, total phenolic content of ASM and AS samples were 777.83 and 733.61 mg/L. Contents of TEAC, ORAC and total phenolic content in CAM sample was the highest in all samples. TEAC and ORAC values of CAM sample were 13.27 mmol/L and 9.84 µmol TE/mL, respectively. ORAC values of apple cider samples were the highest in all samples. Especially, ORAC values of CAM sample was the highest in all samples (Figure 3). Antioxidant activities of macerated juice samples and ciders were higher than the samples that maceration was not applied. Phenolic Substances Gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and p-coumaric acid were detected in apple juice and apple cider samples (Table 2). Contents of catechin, epicatechin, and chlorogenic acid were identified in all samples. Gallic acid only was detected in apple juice sample. The content of catechin in CAM sample was significantly higher than CA sample (P<0.05). The amount of epicatechin was 4.63 mg/L in CAM sample while CA sample contained 3.33 mg/L (P<0.05). Chlorogenic acid was the dominant phenolic substance in apple juice samples; especially, ASM and CAM samples had the highest content of chlorogenic acid (P<0.05). Chlorogenic acid significantly increased with maceration. p-Coumaric acid contents of apple cider samples ranged between 0.03 and 0.04 mg/L. AlvarezParilla et al. (2005) reported that chlorogenic acid is one of the important apple polyphenols. Chlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin, caffeic acid were high concentrations in apple cider that maceration was applied. Therefore, maceration process was important for the concentrations of the polyphenolic compounds. Polyphenolic content (chlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin and caffeic acid) of CAM sample had the highest values similar to antioxidant activity of CAM sample (total phenolic content, TEAC and ORAC contents). It has been reported that wine vinegars show an antioxidant capacity that is correlated with their polyphenolic content (Dávalos et al., 2005). In this study, phenolic substances were increased by fermentation. Budak et al./ Turkish Journal of Agriculture – Food Science and Technology, 3(6): 356-360, 2015 359 Table1 Composition Analysis of Samples Samples TTA1Total Density (g/cm3 ) Brix (%) Total sugar (g/L) Total Ash (g/L) Ethanol (v/v) AJ2 1.9±0.04a 1.0517±0.00a 11.67±1.42a 144.24±1.11a 1.9±0.01a – ASM3 2.3±0.03a 0.9999±0.00b 4.58±0.71b 85.77±3.26b 1.7±0.02a 3.10±0.14b AS4 3.7±0.06c 1.0014±0.00c 5.33±0.34b 95.56±0.41b 1.7±0.00b 2.90±0.12b CAM5 2.3±0.03a 0.9987±0.00b 3.83±0.83b – 1.9±0.01a 6.10±0.15a CA6 3.5±0.04c 0.9987±0.00c 3.83±0.13b – 1.8±0.01b 5.40±0.11b 1TTA: Total Titratable Acidity (g/L), 2AJ: Apple juice, 3ASM: Apple juice taken after maceration, 4AS: Apple juice without maceration sample, 5CAM: Apple cider (maceration was applied), 6CA: Apple cider sample (maceration was not applied) Table 2 Phenolic Compounds of Samples Samples Gallic acid (mg/L) Catechin (mg/L) Epicatechin (mg/L) Caffeic acid (mg/L) Chlorogenic acid (mg/L) p-Coumaric acid (mg/L) AJ1 0.43±0.06b 0.50±0.00c 1.60±0.10bc – 12.26±3.37c – ASM2 – 1.47±0.29b 3.50±0.78a 0.46±0.24ab 18.53±4.06a – AS3 – 1.56±0.13b 4.13±0.36a – 17.86±0.60b 0.05±0.01b CAM4 – 2.13±0.28a 4.63±1.20a 0.96±0.08a 24.13±3.46a 0.03±0.01b CA5 – 1.46±0.23b 3.33±0.23ab 0.75±0.05a 16.50±2.27b 0.04±0.00b 1AJ: Apple juice, 2ASM: Apple juice taken after maceration, 3AS: Apple juice without maceration sample, 4CAM: Apple cider (maceration was applied), 5CA: Apple cider sample (maceration was not applied) Figure 2 Total Phenolic Content of Apple Juices and Cider Samples AJ: Apple juice, ASM: Apple juice taken after maceration, AS: Apple juice without maceration sample, CAM: Apple cider (maceration was applied) , CA:Apple cider sample (maceration was not applied) Figure 3 Antioxidant activity of samples by ABTS (TEAC) assay and ORAC assay AJ: Apple juice, ASM: Apple juice taken after maceration, AS: Apple juice without maceration sample, CAM: Apple cider (maceration was applied) , CA: Apple cider sample (maceration was not applied) Conclusion This is the first report confirming that maceration had positive effects on bioactive components of apple cider. Results of this study showed that polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity significantly increased in maceration process. Antioxidant activity of apple cider (maceration included) sample was higher than that of apple cider sample (maceration was not applied). Chlorogenic acid was the dominant phenolic substance in apple juice samples while chlorogenic acid increased during maceration. Chlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin, caffeic acid contents of macerated apple cider were in high concentrations. Therefore, inclusion of maceration in process would be important for concentration of bioactive compounds. References Alvarez-Parrilla E, Rosa LDL, Torresrivas F, Rodrigo-Garcia J, Gonzalez’Lez-Aguilar GA. 2005. Complexation of Apple Antioxidants: Chlorogenic Acid, Quercetin and Rutin by bCyclodextrin (b-CD). J Incl Phenom Macro 53:121–129. AOAC. 1990. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis, 13th edition. Washington DC. AOAC. 1992. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis, 15th edition. Washington DC. Budak HN, Güzel-Seydim Z. 2010. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of wine vinegars produced by two different techniques. J Sci Food Agric, 90: 2021–2026. Caponia F, Alloggio V, Gomes T. 1999. Phenolic compounds of virgin olive oil: influence of paste preparation techniques. Food Chem 63: 203-209. Eberhardt MV, Lee CY, Liu RH. 2000. Antioxidant activity of fresh apples. Nature. 405: 903-4. Budak et al./ Turkish Journal of Agriculture – Food Science and Technology, 3(6): 356-360, 2015 3
